{"id":19353,"date":"2021-07-07T09:50:26","date_gmt":"2021-07-07T09:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alivira.com.tr\/manejo-del-dolor-en-pequenos-mamiferos\/"},"modified":"2021-07-07T09:50:26","modified_gmt":"2021-07-07T09:50:26","slug":"manejo-del-dolor-en-pequenos-mamiferos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alivira.com.tr\/en\/manejo-del-dolor-en-pequenos-mamiferos\/","title":{"rendered":"Manejo del dolor en peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos_Primera parte"},"content":{"rendered":"

[av_heading heading=’Manejo del dolor en peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos (Primera parte)’ tag=’h1′ style=’blockquote modern-quote’ subheading_active=’subheading_below’ show_icon=” icon=’ue800′ font=” size=” av-medium-font-size-title=” av-small-font-size-title=” av-mini-font-size-title=” subheading_size=” av-medium-font-size=” av-small-font-size=” av-mini-font-size=” icon_size=” av-medium-font-size-1=” av-small-font-size-1=” av-mini-font-size-1=” color=” custom_font=” icon_color=” margin=” margin_sync=’true’ padding=’10’ icon_padding=’10’ link=” link_target=” id=” custom_class=” av_uid=’av-kqun7n4b’ admin_preview_bg=”]
\nDr. Med. Vet. Aurelie Thomas
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Los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos (conejos, cobayas, h\u00e1msters, ratas y jerbos) representan algo m\u00e1s del 6% de los animales dom\u00e9sticos en Europa. Con su creciente popularidad, la demanda de atenci\u00f3n veterinaria de estas especies aumenta constantemente, junto con la complejidad de los procedimientos quir\u00fargicos y otros potencialmente dolorosos que se realizan en estos animales.<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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\nAhora se espera que los cirujanos veterinarios respondan a las expectativas de los propietarios de los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos en cuanto al tratamiento veterinario, y que proporcionen un tratamiento eficaz del dolor y asesoramiento sobre el bienestar de los animales. Aunque a casi todos los perros y gatos se les administran analg\u00e9sicos de forma rutinaria despu\u00e9s de la cirug\u00eda, s\u00f3lo entre el 16 y el 50% de los veterinarios prescriben f\u00e1rmacos analg\u00e9sicos a los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos que se someten a los mismos procedimientos. Esto contrasta fuertemente con la afirmaci\u00f3n generalmente aceptada de que todos los mam\u00edferos, si no todos los vertebrados, son capaces de experimentar dolor.<\/p>\n

Este aparente infratratamiento del dolor en los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos puede deberse a un relativo desconocimiento de la fisiolog\u00eda y el comportamiento normales<\/span> de estos animales, lo que dificulta al equipo veterinario la identificaci\u00f3n de los signos de dolor y la evaluaci\u00f3n de la eficacia del r\u00e9gimen analg\u00e9sico. Adem\u00e1s, la falta de datos cl\u00ednicos f\u00e1cilmente disponibles sobre los f\u00e1rmacos analg\u00e9sicos (dosis, m\u00e1rgenes de seguridad) puede hacer que aumente la preocupaci\u00f3n por los posibles efectos secundarios de los distintos analg\u00e9sicos.<\/p>\n

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Evaluaci\u00f3n del dolor en peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La ampl\u00edsima gama de tama\u00f1os, formas y comportamientos (es decir, diurnos o nocturnos, capaces de vocalizar o no, etc.) de los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos hace que la evaluaci\u00f3n del dolor sea un reto. Al igual que en otras especies, los indicadores generales de estr\u00e9s, como la frecuencia card\u00edaca y respiratoria, no necesariamente se correlacionan con el nivel de dolor experimentado por los animales. Esto no quiere decir que se deba pasar por alto la evaluaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica. La disminuci\u00f3n de la condici\u00f3n corporal, la p\u00e9rdida de peso y la disminuci\u00f3n de consumo de alimentos y l\u00edquidos puede ocurrir en los primeros d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de la cirug\u00eda y se exacerba en ausencia de la administraci\u00f3n de analg\u00e9sicos.<\/p>\n

El estado de \u00e1nimo, la p\u00e9rdida de peso y la disminuci\u00f3n del consumo de alimentos y l\u00edquidos pueden aparecer en el primer d\u00eda de postoperatorio y se agravan en ausencia de la administraci\u00f3n de analg\u00e9sicos. Sin embargo, se trata de indicadores inespec\u00edficos del dolor, ya que tambi\u00e9n pueden estar influidos por otros factores.<\/p>\n

Los sistemas de puntuaci\u00f3n del dolor basados en el comportamiento son considerablemente m\u00e1s \u00fatiles, ya que algunos cambios son espec\u00edficos del dolor y tambi\u00e9n permiten una evaluaci\u00f3n inmediata, de modo que se puede administrar un alivio adicional del dolor si es necesario.<\/p>\n

Los indicadores conductuales del dolor suelen incluir cambios en la postura, la locomoci\u00f3n, la marcha y el nivel de actividad. Los comportamientos relacionados con el dolor m\u00e1s com\u00fanmente descritos en ratas y ratones son: crispaci\u00f3n (movimiento r\u00e1pido del pelaje del lomo del animal), tambaleo (p\u00e9rdida parcial y transitoria del equilibrio), aleteo (sacudidas del cuerpo hacia arriba), presionar el vientre (empujar el abdomen hacia el suelo mientras se avanza) y arrastrar los pies (caminar en un lugar muy bajo). Hay problemas para aplicar estas medidas cl\u00ednicamente. Aparte de la considerable variaci\u00f3n individual en las respuestas, como especies de presa, los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos han evolucionado para suprimir los signos de dolor y mala salud para evitar la depredaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Esto es especialmente cierto en el caso de las cobayas y los conejos, que tienden a congelarse ante cualquier situaci\u00f3n amenazante: cuando est\u00e1n pintados, o simplemente cuando se les coloca en cualquier entorno desconocido, como una sala cl\u00ednica, o incluso cuando son observados por extra\u00f1os.<\/p>\n

Para evitar estos problemas, se puede evaluar el comportamiento de los animales a trav\u00e9s de un panel de observaci\u00f3n o mediante una c\u00e1mara. Adem\u00e1s, debe obtenerse del propietario informaci\u00f3n sobre el comportamiento normal (sin dolor) del animal, y realizar observaciones antes de la cirug\u00eda cuando sea posible. Los cambios espec\u00edficos del dolor en la expresi\u00f3n facial, descritos m\u00e1s recientemente, han demostrado ser una forma precisa y fiable de identificar el dolor agudo en roedores y conejos. Estos cambios en la musculatura facial se combinaron en las puntuaciones de Grimace (v\u00e9ase la Fig. 1) y proporcionan una herramienta \u00fatil de evaluaci\u00f3n del dolor en varias especies. A diferencia de los comportamientos de dolor, los cambios de la expresi\u00f3n facial no son espec\u00edficos de la intervenci\u00f3n quir\u00fargica. Sin embargo, las expresiones faciales se ven influidas por el grado de sedaci\u00f3n, por lo que estas evaluaciones no deber\u00edan realizarse en el periodo de recuperaci\u00f3n inmediata de la anestesia, cuando el dolor podr\u00eda sobrestimarse.
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Tensi\u00f3n orbital<\/h3>\n

El p\u00e1rpado se cierra parcial o totalmente. Los globos tambi\u00e9n pueden estar retra\u00eddos hacia la cabeza para que sobresalgan menos. Si el cierre del ojo reduce la visibilidad del mismo a m\u00e1s de la mitad, se puntuar\u00e1 como de 2” o de presencia oblicua.<\/p>\n

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Aplanamiento de las mejillas<\/h3>\n

Contracci\u00f3n alrededor del hocico, de manera que las almohadillas de los bigotes se presiona contra el lado de la cara. El contorno lateral de la cara y la nariz es anguloso y se pierde el aspecto redondeado de las mejillas a ambos lados de la nariz.<\/p>\n

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Forma de la nariz<\/h3>\n

Las fosas nasales se dibujan verticalmente creando una nariz m\u00e1s puntiaguda que se asemeja a una “V” m\u00e1s que a una “U”. La punta de la nariz tambi\u00e9n puede estar metida hacia el ment\u00f3n, exagerando esta apariencia.<\/p>\n

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Posici\u00f3n de los bigotes<\/h3>\n

Los bigotes se estiran y se extienden horizontalmente o se tiran hacia atr\u00e1s, hacia las mejillas, en lugar de la posici\u00f3n normal en la que los bigotes tienden a tener una suave curva hacia abajo.<\/p>\n

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Posici\u00f3n de la oreja<\/h3>\n

Normalmente, las orejas est\u00e1n m\u00e1s o menos perpendiculares a la cabeza, orientadas hacia delante o hacia un lado, mantenidas en posici\u00f3n vertical y alejadas de la espalda y los lados del cuerpo, con una forma m\u00e1s abierta y libremente enroscada. En caso de dolor, las orejas se alejan de la posici\u00f3n normal para orientarse hacia los cuartos traseros, tienden a moverse hacia atr\u00e1s y se mantienen m\u00e1s cerca de la espalda o los lados del cuerpo y tienen una forma m\u00e1s plegada o enroscada (es decir, m\u00e1s parecida a un tubo).<\/p>\n

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\n[\/av_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos (conejos, cobayas, h\u00e1msters, ratas y jerbos) representan algo m\u00e1s del 6% de los animales dom\u00e9sticos en Europa. Con su creciente popularidad, la demanda de atenci\u00f3n veterinaria de estas especies aumenta constantemente, junto con la complejidad de los procedimientos quir\u00fargicos y otros potencialmente dolorosos que se realizan en estos animales.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11957,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[244,245],"tags":[250],"class_list":["post-19353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-2-en","category-newsletter-en","tag-animales-de-compania-en"],"yoast_head":"\nManejo del dolor en peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos_Primera parte - Alivira T\u00fcrkiye<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alivira.com.tr\/en\/manejo-del-dolor-en-pequenos-mamiferos\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manejo del dolor en peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos_Primera parte - Alivira T\u00fcrkiye\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Los peque\u00f1os mam\u00edferos (conejos, cobayas, h\u00e1msters, ratas y jerbos) representan algo m\u00e1s del 6% de los animales dom\u00e9sticos en Europa. 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